Van Genneps Stages of a Rite of Passage

Van Genneps Stages of a Rite of Passage Van Genneps stages and understanding a rite of passage in relationship to one or more rituals Wittgenstein (1987, p.14, Chapter I. Introduction) set a large challenge for anthropology that has yet to be taken up. After reading the Golden Bough, he argues that Fraser made a crucial mistake by trying to deduce what things mean. He accused Fraser of not understanding that practices signify nothing but themselves, and that the extent of anthropology could be to delimit and work out the practical structure of such tasks. For the past fifty years or so, anthropology has largely ignored Wittgensteins remarks and has built an anthropology that privileges the observer. It privileges the observer because it is only the observer who can read into phenomenon their underlying socio-cultural meaning. It is precisely this sort of reifying reductionism that we find in Van Genneps (1909) theory of the rite of passage. Rites of passage present an irresistible and difficult focus for the ethnographer: they are constellations of compacted meanings removed from the process of everyday life. In the authors own experience, they are also some of the most frustrating things to analyse. Presented with so many unusual phenomenon, the ethnographer asks, what does this mask mean only for your informant to respond with a shrug. This difficulty of compacted meaning may partly explain why ethnographers are so quick to ignore the phenomenon involved in a rite of passage in favour of reading it as a structural process. This difficulty may also explain why, fully one hundred years after it was published, Van Genneps Rites of Passage theory remains unchallenged in the anthropological world. That said, Van Gennep’s overall structures has remained remarkably adept at matching up to all the rituals people apply to it. However, there should not be taken as a mark of its success. It one is to recall that the success of Evans-Pritchards structural-functionalism (Kuper: 1988, pp. 190-210, Chapter 10 Descent Theory: A Phoenix from the Ashes), was more based on the tastes and cultural paradigms of anthropologists than it was on its correspondence to any ethnographic reality. This essay will argue that Van Genneps stages of rites of passage do indeed cohere to many rituals, however, like Turners schemes (1995), these stages do little to explain to us the significance of ritual. In order to do so, this essay will argue, it is necessary to turn to how the phenomenologically experienced reality of ritual constitutes the social reality of a ritual. To make this argument this essay will focus on three rites of passage: French marriage ritual in Auvergne (Reed-Dahany: 1996), Yak a healing rituals in Zaire (Devisch: 1998, 1996) and refugee experience in Tanzania (Malikki: 1995). The last example proves the most difficult for Van Genneps theory: because though it corresponds to his stages, nothing about the experience of refugees would correspond to the socially rigid categories Van Gennep claims are central to rites of passage. From this example, this essay will argue to understand rites of passage we need to consider more fully the relationship of time-out-of-time in culture. For until we confront the question of what allows a certain unit of time to be taken out of the experience of the everyday, we will be no closer to understanding how rites of passage deal with other senses of time-out-of-time. Van Gennep (1909, Chapter I The Classification of Rites) attempts to demonstrate a there is a universal structure underlying all rites of passage. While there might be physiological, factors involved (e.g. coming to puberty) the mechanisms that determined the rites of passage are always social, and these social constructions display a cross-cultural similarity. Rituals and ceremonies in Van Gennep’s scheme serve the function of guaranteeing ones path through liminal transitory categories as one passes through the stages of separation, transition and reincorporation that he claims are present in all stages of rites of passage. What we can note about this model already is that the ritual serves the purpose of a unit of causation in a socially determinist model of society: there is a societal need that ritual fulfils. Because of this functional model, we are none the wiser as to how a society determines the exact elements of a ritual, or how people experience the ritual. Van Genneps approach is based on a socially functional model: though he is far more inclined to admit the power of the individual in the social form sui generis than is Durkheim (Zumwalt: 1982:304). That said, he still claims (Van Gennep, 1909, p. 72, Chapter Six Initiation Rites) that in mutilation: the mutilated individual is removed from the mass of common humanity by a rite of separation which automatically incorporates him into the defined group. His emphasis here is on the social end process: as if it could somehow be separated from the phenomenological experience of the pain. Thus, the process of scarification that marks many initiation rituals is merely placed as part of the logic of social cohesion: following such a pattern, it is hard to explain the beating and terror that often accompanies initiation rituals. Indeed, it ignores the central challenge Merleau-Ponty (1962, p.115, Part I The Body, Chapter III The Spatiality of Ones own Body and Motility) posed when he asked: H ow can we understand someone else without sacrificing him to our logic or it to him? The domain of phenomenology is closely linked to that of ritual. Jackson (1996, p.3, Chapter I Introduction) characterises phenomenology as a project designed to understand being-in-the-world. This attempt to understand how inter-subjective experience is constituted is a possible answer to the question Merleau-Ponty poses above how does one understand the other. Characteristically, phenomenology attempts to answer this project by not privileging one domain of experience or knowledge, as none of them can encompass the totality of the lived experience. Instead, it is an investigation into (Ricoeur, 1979, p.127, Chapter IV The Structure of Experience) the structures of experience which proceed connected expression in language. This is what Merleau-Ponty would call the preobjective. This understanding of the importance of structures that escape linguistic formalisation has also been part of the emphasis of the study of ritual in anthropology. In Levi-Strauss (1965, pp.167-186, Chapter Nine The Sorcerer and His Magic) classic examination of north American healing sorcerers he emphasises how the experience of the healing takes place between the triad of patient, sorcerer, and social body. He also emphasises the importance in this relationship of the sensory experience of the sorcerer. However, despite this emphasis, he is undertaking his analysis from a recorded text, and his emphasis is on the structural coherency sorcery provides rather than its embodied experience. He writes (ibid: 181): In a universe which it [the social body] strives to understand but whose dynamics it cannot fully control, normal thought continually seeks the meaning of things which refuse to reveal their significance. So-called pathological thought, on the other hand, overflows with emotion al interpretations and overtones, in order to supplement an otherwise deficient reality. The sensory experience of the ritual as understood by Levi-Strauss is constituted as a means-end relationship to get to the desired goal, the assertion of the cosmological unity of the social body. Here we can see the same pattern of assumptions about bodily meaning we noted earlier in Van Gennep. This emphasis, a legacy of Durkheim, characteristically means that repetition, often the element of ritual that constitutes its definition, is overlooked as window-dressing to the mythical meat of the ceremony which is that which can be vocalised (and thus objectified). This legacy can also be found in the two anthropologists whose writing about myth has defined the field, Van Gennep and Turner (1986, 1995). In Van Gennep, central to his notion of ritual as a rite of passage is a sacred-profane dualism, which is also kept in Turners scheme, though he also includes the notion of the marginal or liminal. In this distinction we can see that both theorists only deal with the relationship between the sacred and profane in terms of social structure and fail to deal with these elements interpenetrate in everyday lived reality. In a sense, their distinction is similar to that made by Mauss (1993, p. 12, Chapter I The Exchange of Gifts and the Obligation to Reciprocate) when understanding the gift. Mauss claims that the person for whom the sacrifice is performed enters the domain of the sacred and then rejoins the profane world, which is separate from the sacred, though conditioned by it. For Turners early work, and for Van Gennep, ritual is the heightened activity in which the sacred-profane worlds are mediated between. What is advantageous about these approaches is that they identify ritual as the situation or drama par excellence, as an organisation of practice constructed and defined by participants and it is a practice in which the participants confront the existential conditions of their existence. However, there are problems with Turner and Van Gennep’s approaches which parallel that of Levi-Strauss. In both cases, the emphasis is on the formal unity of the social world. Kapferer (1997, pp.55-61, Chapter II: Gods of Protection, Demons of Destruction: Sorcery and Modernity. The Transmutation of Suniyama: Difference and Repetition) illustrates some of these problems when analysing the Sri Lankan suniyama, or exorcisms. While he agrees with Turner that the suniyama constitute their own space-time, he also makes clear the extent to which they borrow from everyday life. Rather than seeing resolution and unity in the suniyama, he notes that the reactualisation of the ordinary world amid the virtuality of the rite is a moment of intense anxiety. In the events of the chedana vidiya, the tension, he argues, is not just about the destructive forces of the demon but also about the re-emergence of the victim in the ordered world. One can see in the suniyama that the lived world is not reducible to categories, despite the attempts at structuration. It is an excellent example of what Jackson (1989, p.5, Chapter I Paths Towards a Clearing) calls mans rage for order, and simultaneously usurpation of that order coupled with an awareness that the order is always exceeded by the lived world. Kapferer refuses to push dualistic or triadic models onto the Sri Lankan suniyama, and argue for it being a continuous process orientated at the restitution of social action. One of the ways this uncertainty the rage for order and its ambiguity or infirmity is manifested is in sensory experience. It is here that the Durkheimean project is unable to provide a satisfactory analytical framework and where phenomenology can provide some edifying lines of inquiry. None of these lines of inquiry are pursued by Reed-Dahany (1996), who illustrates the extent to which Van Gennep can be utilized, and also the extent to which Van Genneps scheme founders in its constructionist model, in her analysis of marriage practice in Auvergne. She notes that (ibid: 750) in the early morning after a wedding, a group of unmarried youths burst into the room to which the bride and groom have retired for the night and present them with a chamber pot containing champagne and chocolate. The youth and the newly wed couple then consume the chocolate and champagne together. The participants describe is as something which appears disgusting, and yet actually tastes really good. Reed-Dahany utilises Bourdieus work on taste to show how this reversal of the established bourgeois order simultaneously parodies marriage and bourgeois taste. Like the examples we see in Turners work, the sacred ritual of marriage here is associated with the inversion of established meanings only for these meanings to be ever more forcefully reinserted after the period of liminal disaggregation. We can see how such a ritual fits Van Genneps scheme very well: the couple are segregated from society (both from each other before marriage, and then from society the honeymoon afterwards) before being reaggregated. Thus, Reed-Dahany has no problem in understanding the ritual of la rà ´tie as a ritual of reincorporation in the sense Turner had meant it. Through the partaking of food with the unwed they are allowed to re-enter society, the wet-substance consumed standing in for fecundity. Indeed, as Reed-Dahany notes (ibid: 752) Van Gennep himself had commented on these rituals in his work on folk customs in rural France and had pursued much the same conclusion. Yet what Reed-Dahany notes is that the focus for the people involved in the ritual are the scatological reference implicit in the ritual: these elements of parody of bourgeois society that take place at the level of bodily praxis are left unexplained by Van Genneps scheme, in which any set of symbols is replaceable with anot her as long as they have the same social purpose. This is why Van Gennep has great problems explaining rites of passage that are not formal. Yet, it is not the case that rites of passage and other temporal markers must be institutionalised. As Malikki (1995, p. 241, Chapter Six Cosmological Order of Nations) notes: historical consciousness is lodged within precarious accidental processes that are situated and implicated in the lived events and local processes of the everyday. In her work, Malikki looks at the creation of a mythico-history among Hutu refugees who fled the mass killing of 1972 in Burundi for Tanzania fifteen years ago. She contrasts two groups; the first, living in an urban environment, deploy their ethnicity and history only rarely, situationally and relationally, and attempt not to stick out. In contrast, at the refugee camp, the inhabitants were continually engaged in recreating their homeland. Malikki (ibid: p.3, Introduction An Ethnography of Displacement in the National order of Things) notes: The camp refugees saw themselves as a nation in exile, and defined exile, in turn, as a moral trajectory of trials and tribulations that would ultimately empower them to reclaim, or recreate anew, the homeland in Burundi. One of the noticeable elements in this construction of a mythico-history is the way in which it internalised exterior categories, and then subverted them. For instance, Malikki draws attention to the way in the powerful discourse of inter-nationalism, refugees are in an ambiguous space, particularly polluting, between national boundaries. Malikki uses the work of Van Gennep and Turner to understand how the Hutu refugees in the camp had turned this liminal space into a trial of separation, which would empower them to return. The narratives that people told Malikki were incredibly standardised, they functioned, as Malikki notes, as moral lessons, that represented (ibid: p. 54, Chapter Two The Mythico History) a subversive recasting and reinterpretation of [events] it in fundamentally moral ways. In Malikkis work, we can see that rites of passage can be lodged in accidental processes and contingent historical events. Even here, they seem to fit the categories of Van Genneps classificati on. However, one notes that nothing about these classifications explains the way these patterns were then sedimented into a rite of passage that structured and organised practice. She notes that one of the key moments in this history is when the refugees arrive across the border in Tanzania, and are able to meet other refugees from Burundi (there appeared to be little widespread national connections before then ibid: p.103, Chapter Two The Mythico History). Thus, collective effervescence of consciousness, which, as the narrative describes, allowed people to understand the final secret of the Tutsis, was not just experienced verbally. The supplanting of the social order with chaos (though an ordered chaos) was accompanied by very physical processes. The fear of pursuit, the bodily feeling of cramp and hunger, the sight of corpses on the road: all these were processes that the refugees took great pains to describe to Malikki. The refugees referred to this moment as one of revelation, and this memory, which must have in part formed the social bond that allowed for the creation of the mythico-history, was a silent history of bodily feeling and gesture as much as i t was one verbalised. If we develop Malikkis understanding of the similarity between rites of passage and the refugee experience slightly, there is a parallel between the symbolic death and rebirth in the liminal stage of separation in a rite of passage, normally accompanied by ritual action that provides the unity of a shared painful experience, and the collective pain of that crossing into Tanzania in 1972. These phenomenological bodily experienced realities are not marginal to a group feeling of cohesion: rather than social aspects of the rite of passage stem from these silent memories of bodily experience. We will now turn to an analysis of the rites of passage in the Yaka healing cults of Zaire. In contrast to the social world of the Yaka, which is patrilineal, femaleness, uterine filiation and mediatory roles are cyclical and occupy a concentric life-cycle (Devisch: 1996, p.96, The Cosmology of Life Transmission). It is within this contrast that the healing rituals takes place. The healing rituals a re not a collection or commiseration, rather, they are bodily and sensuous, they (ibid: 95) aim at emancipating the initiates destiny clearing and enhancing the lines of force in the wider weave of family. It is not just in the matrilineage that healing occurs however, for (Devisch: 1998, p.127, Chapter Six Treating the affect by remodelling the body in a Yaka Healing Cult) it is in the interplay of physical links and individualising relationships a person weaves through his mothers lineage with the uterine sources of life and the primary and fusional object that the Yaka cultures in Kinshasa and south-west Congo localise the origin of serious illness, infirmity and madness. The ritual allows for the rebirth of the individual, and occurs at the margins (physical and cultural) of the society. This re-sourcing of the body is very fundamentally sensory. For instance, in the period of seclusion a young Mbwoolu become body doubles, and become an inscribed body envelope that serves as his interface with the social body. It is important to note there that the Yaka identity is structured as an envelope and knot. Harmful things like thievery of sorcery are associated with this knot being tied too tightly or loosely, inversion of normal bodily functions, such as flatulence or ejaculation outside of coitus can be understood as the knot being tied too tightly or gently. The person in this sense is constructed inter-subjectively, spreading outwards in a myriad of exchanges and well formed knots. The transference to the Mbwoolu involves an enacted cosmology where the objects and the initiate are covered with a red paste. Devisch notes that the notion of the person in these ceremonies is to be found to be located at the skin level, through a myriad of exchanges. At an early stage in the ritual, the initiates and the Mbwoolu figurines are floated in water, and this is the beginning of a process that continues throughout the ritual, as the initiates skin is turned inside out. In this process, the illness is displaced onto the Mbwoolu, and his insides become a receptacle for the power of the healing ritual. The figurines become a social skin to be idealised, socialised and protected. The importance of sensory experience in the ritual is also in the moment where the master shaman bites off the head of a chicken and sprays the initiates with its blood. Devisch (ibid: 146) also talks about the importance of the fusional absorption in the rhythm and music, then (ibid) [the] tactile olfactory and auditory contacts envelop, and are finally interwoven into an increasingly elaborate utterance, by the mirrored gaze. By this Devisch is alluding to the process by which the initiate converts the primary fusional object into phenomena of identification by incorporation. In this process of incorporating the figurine into themselves, all the senses are in use. What is noteworthy and excellent in Devischs work is that while he does occasionally lapse into statements about trance-inducing music, she is clear to emphasise that sensual phenomenon are not part of a means-end relationship to induce the required result, nor are they somehow secondary to the meaning of the ritual. Rath er, he emphasises that the sensory experience is in many respects, the ritual that the experience of being covered in red clay and submerged in water and having your skin reversed cannot be separated from the transference of your illness to the statues. What Mauss (1993, p.2, Chapter I The Exchange of Gifts and the Obligation to Reciprocate) was right to emphasise when he claimed sacrifice was a total social fact was that questions of sacrifice are questions of Being first and foremost. They occupy a place were the social world is made and remade. In Devisch, what is understood to constitute the central aspects of the Yaka healing cult are sensory experience. This is very different to the understanding laid out by Van Gennep and Turner. For while Devisch makes clear that in the Yaka healing cult one is separated from society pending ones reincorporation, he does not allow the socially functional explanation to obscure what the ceremony might mean. One can see the difference if we contrast Turners work to Devischs. For Turner, the performative and sensory aspects of healing function at its normative pole, the pole at which ritual healing is a resolution of social and emotional conflict. The power of dominant symbols, for Turner, derived from their capacity to condense structural or moral norms the eidetic pole and fuse them with physiological and sensory phenomena and processes – the oretic pole. In Turner, the oretic pole, where emotional and bodily praxis is centred, is a given. For Devisch, this given in Turners work is a critical problem, for it prevents his understanding that the basis of creativity in ritual (1993, p.37, 1.6 Body and Weave: A Semantic-Praxilogical Approach) is to be sought not in liminality but in the body seen as a surface upon which the group and the life-world is inscribed. We have seen in three rituals how Van Genneps classification superficially fits the pattern of behaviour. However, like in the work of Victor Turner, we have seen that Van Gennep cannot explain the detail of rites of passage using his system of classification. In his system, the details of a ceremony become marginal, whereas for the practioners they are central. To explain such details we need to pursue a phenomenologically informed anthropology such as that which Devisch practices. For if a rites of passage is a primarily embodied experience, then the body cannot simply be a receptacle for social value rather, one would argue, it can also be a generative movement, both of meaning and of experience Bibliography Devisch, R. 1998: Treating the affect by remodelling the body in a Yaka healing cult. In Strathern Lambek, Bodies and Persons. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Devisch, R. The Cosmology of Life Transmission. pp.94-115. In, Jackson, M. (ed) 1996: Things as they are: New Directions in Phenomenological Anthropology. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Devisch, R. 1993: Weaving the Threads of Life: The Khita Gyn-Eco-Logical Healing cult among the Yaka. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Jackson, M. 1989: Paths Towards a Clearing. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Jackson, M. (ed) 1996: Things as they are: New Directions in Phenomenological Anthropology. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Kuper, A. 1988. The Invention of primitive society: transformations of an illusion. London: Routledge Kapferer, B. 1997: The Feast of the Sorcerer: Practices of Consciousness and Power Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Levi-Strauss, C. 1965. Structural Anthropology 1. London: Penguin. Malikki, L. 1995: Purity and Exile: Violence, memory and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. London: University College Press. Mauss, M. 1993: The Gift: The Form and Reason for exchange in Archaic Societies. London: Routledge. Merleau-Ponty, M. 1962 Phenomenology of perception. London : Routledge Reed-Dahany, D. 1996: Champagne and Chocolate: Taste and Inversion in a French wedding ritual. American Anthropologist. Vol. 98, No. 4, pp. 750-761. Ricoeur, P. 1979: Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning. Texas: Christian University Press. Turner, V.W. 1995: The Ritual Process: Structure and anti-structure. London: Aldine. Turner, V.W. 1986. The drums of affliction. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Van Gennep, A. 1909: The Rites of Passage. London: Routledge. Wittgenstein, L. 1987: Remarks on Frazers Golden Bough. London: Brynmill Press. Zumwalt, R. 1982: Arnold Van Gennep: The Hermit of Bourd-la-Reine. American Anthropologist. Vol 84, No 2, pp. 299-313.

The National Climate Change Technology Initiative :: Environmental Policy Politics

The National Climate Change Technology Initiative (NCCTI) On June 11, 2001, in combination with his creation of the U.S Climate Research Initiative, President Bush stated that the United States is a world leader in technology and innovation and new technologies can offer a great advance towards climate change. As a result, Bush created a complement to the Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI), called the National Climate Change Technology Initiative (NCCTI). The goal of NCCTI was to make the U.S a stronger leader of climate change-related technology research and development by improving research and development investments across U.S. agencies and by focusing the Federal R&D portfolio on Bush's climate change goal, both near and long term. NCCTI adds on to an extensive foundation of ongoing activities in R&D of climate change-related technologies. The President said on June 11, 2001: "We're creating the National Climate Change Technology Initiative to strengthen research at universities and national labs, to enhance partnerships in applied research, to develop improved technology for measuring and monitoring gross and net greenhouse gas emissions, and to fund demonstration projects for cutting-edge technologies, such as bioreactors and fuel cells."(5) Potential impacts of technology on a global scale are relatively long-term, the NCCTI is guided over this by the climate change goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992 (Kyoto Protocol), ratified by the United States and more than 170 other countries (5) (3). The UNFCCC calls for the "... stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in Earth's atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."(5) In order to achieve this long-term goal, net emissions of greenhouse gases on a global scale must ultimately approach levels that are lower than they are today. (1) Current activities of the NCCTI include a thorough and continuing review of all climate change technology-related research and development programs, with focus on improving the integration of supporting basic research activities. The NCCTI interagency working group is developing criteria to identify high-priority programs that may have the largest potential impact in the long term for reducing, avoiding, or sequestering greenhouse gas emissions.(5)(4) NCCTI also includes a proposal to fund a unique competitive solicitation program, in which technology research ideas will be funded on the basis of their potential to reduce, avoid, or sequester greenhouse gas emissions.

Evidence based practice Essay

There is a need for health services stipulation to apply the best evidence instead of applying the customary methods (Stevens et al, 2001). However, this is only possible if practitioners, researchers, scholars, politicians, managers and public in general conducted a high quality research. Different methods of researches that are evident-based tend to have lack support from most users. This is because those researches are lack of proper referencing which the reviewer could not access. This module has requisite us to articulate the definition of evidence based practice, analyzing different forms of evidence and reflect on possible tactics utilized in the implementation of evidence based practice. To aid me in achieving those outcomes, I have use resources from database like ebscohost, books, researches, journals and search engine like Google. The paper I choose focuses on a descriptive-correlation method of research based on operating room nurse’s knowledge and practice of sterile technique. This research is vital due to several cases of surgical infection taking place in operating room. The aim of the study is to determine the information and extent of applying sterile technique among operating room nurses in four selected hospitals in Samar, Philippines. Globalization comes with a large number of professional developments and policies especially in the nursing sector. Working in a government hospital in the Middle East, and attached to operating department is tough because research carried out on operating room nurse’s knowledge and practice of sterile techniques clearly shows a clear association between knowledge and practice (Luo et al,2010). This study was conducted on four hospitals in Philippines. Inclusion standards were set for this study is participation among nurses are nurses with permanent employment, nurses who agreed to participate on this study and nurses working in the identified hospitals. The research concludes that knowledge has a positive effect on the extent of practice by the nurses. Different International bodies as Commission for health improvement prove that evidence based practice is researched on daily basis by different scholars. Evidence based practice (EBP) requires the  nurse to be able to apply his/her knowledge in operations without necessarily consulting. EBP Sackett et al (2000) denote evidence-based practice is a popular discipline that applies in clinical practices since 1992, and started with the medicine sector as Evidence Based Medicine (EBM). It later spread out to other fields like nursing, education, dentistry, psychology, and library among others. EBP demands that these practical decisions need to come from confirmed research studies, and they should interpret according to particular EBP norms. EBP is the incorporation of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. This explanation emphasizes on the patient’s situations, goals, available evidence and the practitioner’s expertise. However, there are some patients who reject the administration based on their different culture and values. Besides that, the practitioner might understand underlying hindrances like finances that may halt the application of EBP. Evidence Based Practice in nursing includes the major decisions made by the professionals, which in my area includes the surgeries. Some of these decisions include appraising, accessing, and integrating research evidence with their professional judgment and with their clinical decision-making (Department of Health, 2002). The research on operating room nurse’s knowledge and practice of sterile techniques intention is to identify the extent of nurses applying their knowledge in practice pertaining sterile technique. There are several factors on why nurses are reluctant to apply EBP in their daily work. Evidence based practice include making decisions by combining any knowledge acquired from the nursing practice, patients inclination, and applying research evidence. It means that the nurses have a variety of options including sitting back and watching, or taking action based on their experience. Nevertheless, the decision made is crucial hence it need brainwave. A clinical question is essential before making evidence-based decision. So, it is important to search for a suitable EBP to help in making the right decision at the particular situation. Lastly, the nurse evaluates the different effects of the action taken. Strengths of EBP Since the early years of Florence Nightingale, research became popular till the first nursing journal published in United States in 1952 which began considering evidence based practice. Nightingale is famous for her systematic thinking and applied religious faith that favored systematic approach. According to Keith (1988), Nightingale had a good access to governmental information and other material making her work knowledge based. She applied graphical presentation in form of pie and bar charts unlike others who used tables. The health ministry requested Royal College of Nursing in 1966 to examine the effectiveness of nursing. From then onwards, various research programs came up including Information provision and wound care. Anyhow, Rodgers (2000) noted that the progress of EBP is slow but it is successful as the years go. Utilization of evidence-based knowledge broadens the relationship between the nurses and the management like the clinicians. Another major strength in evidence-based practice includes a research carried out around 1990’s on the physical constraint normally applied on older frail generation. The result showed harmful and prolonged routines thus it made a change in the national policy within acute care hospices and long-term care settings (Evans et al, 2006). These changes presented a drop in constrained home care residents from 1980s 75% to 2004s 8%. Nurses applied excessive pressure on the elderly without realizing of the psychological torture involved. Weaknesses of Evidence Based Research Today, science has expanded and advance compare to those years during Nightingale years. In spite of this progressive development, there is still a gap on contemporary knowledge and the extensive adoption to improve the health sector. Bass (2010) stated EBP appliance in nursing profession is similar in all fields or disciplines. The major challenge is the readiness to apply these evidence-based researches due to different drawbacks that include lack of understanding, inclusion, and lack of necessary education programs. To further strengthen this argument, Pravikov et al (2005) mention most nurses have two years degree program which does not accommodate evidence based practice. Moreover, EBP weakness also includes accessing of vital information on the research done. The information gathered in research  is publishing in various resources like database, journals, health magazines, newspapers, books and online. Therefore, users find it difficult to access especially in work place. In nursing, the clinical specialists and the doctors who own higher skills in recognizing problems, analyzing, and translating are far from reach. Hence, they are hesitated to apply EBP in their practice. Usefulness of Evidence Based Practice in my clinical Practice Perioperative nurse must be knowledgeable on sterilized technique. Reflecting on my experience being a perioperative nurse for five years now, to enhance better understanding on the importance of sterile technique and the consequences of not applying sterile technique, EBP is the best tactic. For instance, EBP is based on studies done on sterile technique and they show result for not applying sterile technique may lead to surgical infection. EBP make perioperative nurses like me acknowledge importance of sterile technique and we are accountable for patient’s safety. Hereafter, nurses could make decision-making on evidence-based in their practice. It is crucial for nurses to be familiar with different decisions they partake and consider the consequences associated with the decision made. It is also important for nurses to be given the necessary skills required to enable them construct the vital questions and efficiently and effectively look for the available study evidence that best applies to these questions. The research on operating room nurse’s knowledge and practice evidently show that many nurses have not applied their knowledge in practice. Helpful information that I picked in this study is the importance of sterilizing the operating instrument. This study based on surgical sites infections that are common in most operating rooms. Globally, studies shows that, 2-5% of the patients undergoing operation suffer from surgically related infections. This definitely raises most hospital concern and wants more research to be carried out in order to identify where the problem lies. Surgical site infection causes many deaths during the operations, and that is the reason why different strategies like sterilizing technology came up. Many patients have died because of infected surgical wound and this calls for an evidence based study to resolve the prevailing problem. EBP faces major emphasis from  American Psychological Association (APA), American Nurses Association, Occupational Therapy Association, and American Physical Theory association. In psychiatry, rehabilitation, medicine, psychology, and other professional bodies, loose bodies of knowledge apply, and this is a major drawback on their performances. Evidence based practice begins with a profiling research which informs the professionals and their clients what works best for them. Easy access to EBP information enhances both clients and the practitioners to identify their helpful treatment before intervention starts. Methodology tool The article that I will critic is on operating room nurse’s knowledge and practice of sterile technique by Leodoro et al (2012)(Appendix 1).I have choose this article as it has link with my profession and it is very knowledgeable for me being a perioperative nurse. The critic tool that I have chosen is step by step guidelines in critiquing a quantitative research study by Coughlan et al (2007)(Appendix 2). The methodology tool applied in this study was descriptive-correlation research method. The descriptive method describes the knowledge and the extent of which the nurses applied the sterilization technique in practice. In addition, the correlation method is dissimilar relationships among the different variables used. This study was conducted in four hospitals in Philippines and the results are based on answers by nurses with permanent employment, nurses who agreed to participate on this study and nurses working in the identified hospitals. There are three-part questionnaire consisted of demographics profiles of the participants. This part carries 10 multiple-choice questions and 10 general questions with an expected score of 20, and intended to measure the nurse’s knowledge scope using sterilized instruments. Questionnaire 11 includes a checklist whereby the participants rated out of 5 points with 1 being lowest rate. The data analyzed through inferential and descriptive statistics consisting of frequency, standard deviation, percentage and mean. Critiquing Descriptive-correlation Tool Analyzing research studies require suitable tool looking at the methodology used. Tanner (2003) suggests these tools normally bear questions that aid the analyzer in determining the different steps followed in this research.  It is notable that some steps are more vital than others. Descriptive-correlation tool applied in this study is credible based on many factors. The researcher uses simple language that is easy to understand without consultation. This means there are no scientific jargons that sometimes pose a threat to the readers. The authors seem to understand the subject matter clearly according to the list of questions in their questionnaire. The questionnaire cover most elements related to the operating room’s practice. For instance, hand washing, scrubbing, intraoperative phase and circulator role. The purpose of this study is vital due to several incidents that related to surgical wound infection. In the article abstract, they mention the overview of their study, including the research problem which is in prevention of surgical site infection and contamination, sterile technique need to be implemented. They also remark the sample, methodology, finding and recommendations which is mention earlier in the need for the nurses to control and protect the patients from surgical site infections. The grammar used in this study is straightforward, easy to understand and systematically arranged. Usually, a reader like me demands an interesting research that motivates us to continue analyzing, and this presents well in the above-mentioned analysis. There are certain factors that strengthen this research, which includes the identification of the research problem. The hypothesis used is that most nurses have th e knowledge on sterile techniques but due to some reasons, they fail to apply it in practice. Some nurses bear the knowledge but they lack the confidence to put this evidence-based research into practice. There are four major reasons that limit the nurses from using EBP. Retsas (2008) stated research reports similar to the above-mentioned are normally complex, statistical, academic and nurses find it difficult to interpret or work with the research products. The research article on operating room nurse’s knowledge and practice of sterile technique is a study that is markedly academic and statistical. This may cause confusion to nurses during interpretation. The results are graphical and the nurse might have problems understanding it. This particular research is consistent and any nurse whether a graduate or a trainee can easily relate to it except of the graphical result. Beginning from the introduction, methodology, participants, instrument analysis, results and conclusion, the study is systematic with a great flow of intense  knowledge. The researcher clearly links each step to the other with the objective of the study, which follows with a literature review. In their literature review, the research is rather shallow compared to other great researches. It is lacked of specific details on the occasions where nurses have failed to apply the technology and the consequences that follow. The literature failed to analyze the different surgical tools applied in the operating rooms by the nurses. However, they identified the hospital and the need for the research. The literature should include the history of evidence-based practice including when it began and why. The hypothetical structure lacks in this study, which is necessary for reader who needs to understand and analyze the research. The researchers did not go in depth into the subject matter although the introduction had a good review of the search information. In terms of theoretical framework, which is a necessity in most researches (Basset & Basset 2003), the author failed to identify a conceptual model that would assist the reader as guidance. The research paper is lacked of proper relationship between different concepts in its literature. However, most theoretical frameworks work best in experimental and quasi-experimental researches unlike in descriptive studies similar to the above mentioned. According to Dale (2005) in every research, it is vital to identify the main question and this was not seen in this research. For example, the researcher should have asked how competent the management of the operating room is in educating their staffs on sterile technique. This would assist the researches in analyzing the situation because the failure to practice sterile technique could be perioperative nurses not sent for continuous education leading to lack of competency. These questions are likely to come from patients or the nurses themselves. The questions may derive from the customary practices or from different literature. The sample in this study, for me the size is relatively small compared to the many operating rooms in P hilippines. Anyhow, the choice of participants in regards to age group, and gender is great. In terms of experience, the researcher should have picked people with longer experience in the job. Most of the participants are below five years’ experience in this research. The attendance for educational training of these participants is equally poor so it could not provide a conclusive result. The distribution of the sample is also inadequate because female participants are 73% compared to their male  counterparts who are at 23%. A bigger sampling in all categories would have provided a better data analysis. This study was carried out in hospitals and chances for the nurses were conversant with the subject at hand. However, the participants were from only one-region hospitals and different issues may have limited their voluntary information. At times, the participants are not sure of their confidentiality, despite them signing confidentiality forms; they still have the fear of being exposed. The nurses could fear intimidation from the superiors, and this drives them to give false information in favor of the organization. The researcher got the approval from the ethics committee at Samar Provincial hospital, and the other hospitals before they began conducting their research. No participants were forced or harm during the survey. Neither there was any bias because the respondents were not selected purposively. In the operational definitions, the researcher ensured that the reader fully comprehended the study by applying simple concepts and terms in the research (Parahoo, 2006). The researchers have used clear and simple understanding terms to carry out this study. The research design used in the research on operating room nurses’ knowledge and practice of sterile techniques is a descriptive-correlation method, which is a recent method of study that is very effective. This is because it integrates the description of the nurses’ knowledge and the extent at which they practice the use of sterile technique together with a correlation analysis showing the relationship between the two variables. However, most of these studies relate because the objective regards patterns in group behaviors, tendencies, averages, and properties (Robson 2002). There is a possibility of mentality to take place as most of the researches done clinical credibility because these research products are not conclusive. This is a major drawback for nurses to agree in applying the results (recommendation) which also decrease the confidence in the products used for the survey like the questionnaire and the sample. In my opinion, the study did not succeed to offer a proper clinical direction and so the nurses prefer not to use them. Most nurses prefer a research that is more prescriptive and clinical concerning their work place. The data collection is similar to a quantitative methodology of research whereby different data that includes questionnaires, interviews, and observation tools used. These tools are appropriate with the study aim. Then again, questionnaires are  prevalent with different sets of closed questions and few with multiple choices and others with direct answers. The overall reliability and validity was discussed in the weakness and strength of the study done. It was describe as good but not perfect. Its validity, which is its ability to measure the content (Wood et al, 2006), is downcast due to the number of samples were insufficient (21 participants) and also from one region only. For the tool’s reliability, Wood et al (2006) stated reliability is to accurately measure and consistently measure the theory which being studied which was done in this research. The researchers have always emphasized on the extent of sterile technique practice throughout the study. This study had a pilot study, which assisted the researcher in making some adjustments in their research. The researcher’s data analysis is a well-analyzed methodology since it is not complex and daunting. The ratings are clear and easy to understand. For instance, they used descriptive statistics that include the percentage, frequency, standard deviation and mean. The interpretation of the results included 0-7 as â€Å"needed improvement†, 8-10 as â€Å"fair†, 11-13 as â€Å"good†, 14-16 as â€Å"very good†, and 14-16 as â€Å"excellent†. This is quite an easy interpretation and anyone is able to analyze and understand. These are inferential tests and it helps the researcher in identifying the relationship among variables. The researcher discussed the findings in simple and clear terms. The researcher has a logical flow of information and the hypothesis is clearly supported by these findings. This study bears significance in its findings as per Russell (2002), and the researcher specifies every result without generalizing it. They reported each section independently whether it could be gender, age, experience and number of training attended. As mention earlier, the perioperative nurses have knowledge of using sterile techniques but rarely apply them in practice (Luo et al 2010). The research also concluded that half of the nurses had the knowledge on sterile technique. In Goiana hospital, 75.6% seemed to understand the standard precautionary measures on surgical site infection (Melo et al 2006). Most researched documents have no references, which makes them less favorable. There are known perspectives on accessibility of information and they include the humanistic ideology which involves the notion that human resource is most accessible. There is also a strong belief that local information derived from locally developed technologies is more  accessible. The latest technologies information can be retrieve from internet easily accessible. However, the researcher did not mention much on recommendation for nurses to apply sterile technique in practice which is vital in guiding the readers. Discussion The study’s hypothesis that majority of the operating room nurses have the knowledge on implementing sterile technique, but seldom apply it in practice have been achieved as end result of the study. The findings confirmed that the nurses held a strong knowledge of the use of sterile technique according to the table 6 that showed the correlation between knowledge and the extent of use of sterile technique by the participating nurses. The discussion is clear and well elaborated in simple terms. The researcher explains the underlying causes on why nurses rarely apply the knowledge into practice. The issue of occupational culture where questioning is unpopular should be contested, and the nurses should ask any questions in the event of uncertainty. The information on sterile technique and importance of it should be taught to nurses by sending them for educational trainings or emphasize it at all times in work place. This information should be accessible especially the evidence-bas ed literature in order for the evidence-based practice to be implemented. For instance, books related to operating room and patient’s safety should be kept in operating department where nurses can access them anytime when needed. The researchers also discuss on the strength and limitation of their study which is appropriate as it helps the reader determine the reliability of the study and also the choice to implement it or not. The strength of the study is to ensure there was no selection bias; the respondents were inclusive of the entire population of operating room nurses in four identified hospitals for the investigation. Nevertheless, a wider variety of hospitals would have added this strength. Furthermore, the research shows that the investigation is from one province only, which weakens its strength. The discussion also noted the weakness in the questionnaire method of research because it lacked some details like. It is also clear that some participants fear telling the truth despite their secrecy assurance. However, the research discussion is clear on its demerits, and although it does not offer any suggestion on a further research, it is vital to have a more detailed study on the same  issue. Most researchers offer recommendation because their researches are not conclusive which this particular researcher failed to apply. The referencing in this study is very accurate especially on the in text citation. Most researches fail to offer the in text citation and leaves the readers struggling on locating the referencing. The higher number of references, the stronger the research perceives. Different methods of researches that are evident-based tend to have lack support from most readers. This research had 18 references, which is the average number, required for any research. However, more references would have strengthened the research. This study has much merit but the method requires evaluation. The sampling requires a larger demographic region in order to accommodate more representatives of the participants. It is crucial for perioperative nurses to apply their knowledge on sterile technique in practice. If sterile technique is not applied during surgery it may lead to surgical infection which will harm the vulnerable patients which may also cause death if not treated well. Conclusion The study on operating room nurse’s knowledge and practice of sterile technique is a vital research globally and it was fairly conducted. Further research is recommended because this problem continues due to frequent changes in technology and management. The nurses should implement a more basic role in services through application of their skills while addressing questions from outside clinical range. This would in return increase their service demands from the environs. For skills development, the nurses should complement their hands-on function within the department. These nurses should be able to apply their developmental products effectively in order to prove everyone else wrong. People have failed to recognize the efforts applied by the nurses. The management and the clinical experts need to recognize and appreciate the nurses’ efforts through understanding their skills. After all, the management should ensure the nurses knowledge, resources, and skills are readily available in order to assist implementation. This only happens if the research information is excellent, with clarity and enough strength to hinder any doubts from reviewers. References American Psychological Association. (2006). APA presidential task force on evidence based practice. Washington, DC: Barker P. (2000) Reflections on caring as a virtue ethic within an evidence-based culture. International Journal of Nursing Studies 37, 329–336. Bucknall T. (2003) The clinical landscape of critical care: nurses’ decision-making. Journal of Advanced Nursing 43(3), 310–319. Davies H.T.O., Nutley S. & Smith P. (2000) Introducing evidencebased policy and practice in public services. In What Works? Dobson, K., & Craig, K. (1998). Empirically supported therapies: Best practice in professional psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Drisko, J. & Grady, M. (2012). Evidence-based practice in clinical social work. New York: Springer-Verlag. Elwood, J.M. (2007). Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials (3rd ed.) New York: Oxford University Press Gambrill, E. (2003). Evidence-based practice: Implications for knowledge development and use in social work. In A. Rosen & E. Proctor (Eds.), Developing practice guidelines for social work intervention (pp. 37-58). New York: Columbia University Press. Gibbs, L. (2003). Evidence-based practice for the helping professions. New York: Wadsworth. Gilgun, J. (2005). The four cornerstones of qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 16(3), 436-443. Gilmour D (2000) Is aseptic technique always necessary? Journal of Community Nursing 14: 4. Howard, M., McMillen, C., & Pollio, D. (2003). Teaching evidence-based practice: Toward a new paradigm for social work education. Research on Social Work Practice, 13, 234-259. Keith JM. (1988) Florence Nightingale: statistician and consultant epidemiologist. International Nursing Review 147–50. Kilpatrick C, Reilly J (2002) The importance of surveillance for hospital-acquired infections. Nurs Times 98: 56-57. Luo Y, He GP, Zhou JW, Luo Y (2010) Factors impacting compliance with standard precaution in nursing, China. Int J Infect Dis 14: e1106-e1114. Mace, C., Moorey, S., & Roberts, B. (Eds.). (2001). Evidence in the psychological therapies: A critical guide for practitioners. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis. Mantzoukas, S. (2008). A review of evidence-based practice, nursing research and reflection: Levelling the hierarchy. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(2), 214-223. Roberts, A., & Yeager, K. (Eds.). (2004). Evidence-based practice manual: Research and outcome measures in health and human services. New York: Oxford University Press. Sackett, D., Rosenberg, W., Muir Gray, J., Haynes, R. Richardson, W. (1996). Evidencebased medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. British Medical Journal, 312, 71-72. http://cebm.jr2.ox.ac.uk/ebmisisnt.html Sackett, D., Richardson, W., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. (1997). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. New York: Churchill Livingstone. Simpson, G., Segall, A., & Williams, J. (2007). Social work education and clinical learning: Reply to Goldstein and Thyer. Clinical Social Work Journal, (35), 33-36. Smith, S., Daunic, A., & taylor, G. (2007). Treatment fidelity in applied educational research: Expanding the adoption and application of measures to ensure evidence-based practice. Education & Treatment of Children, 30(4), pp. 121-134. Stevens K.R. & Ledbetter C.A. (2000) Basics of evidence-based practice. Part 1: the nature of the evidence. Semin Periopeative Nursing 9(3), 91–97. Stout, C., & Hayes, R. (Eds.). (2005). The evidence-based practice: Methods, models, and tools for mental health p rofessionals. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Stuart, R., & Lilienfeld, S. (2007). The evidence missing from evidence-based practice. American Psychologist, 62(6), pp. 615-616. Trinder, L., & Reynolds, S. (2000). Evidence-based practice: A critical appraisal. New York: Blackwell. Wampold, B. (2007). Psychotherapy: The humanistic (and effective) treatment. American Psychologist, 62(8), pp. 857-873. Wood M., Ferlie E. & FitzGerald L. (1998b) Achieving Clinical Behavioural Change: A Case of Becoming Interderminate. Social Science and Medicine, 47, 1729–1738

Pattern of Thesis - 11382 Words

1 eMatch: An Online Matching System of Missing and Found Persons through Mobile Application Utilizing Dataveillance Technique Submitted by: Submitted to: on July 27, 2011 2 Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Even in ancient times, people have found ways to make their lives easier through technology. Centuries before, humans have created the foundation of modern technological advances by creating the simplest machines, such as the wheel and the ladder. Using human intelligence and innovation, we have created a world full of possibilities. Over time, we have created technological masterpieces that have even expanded into the kingdom of biology and astronomy. Scientists are now finding ways to create organs and mount†¦show more content†¦It will be much more efficient than the typical way of advertising lost and found people. Background of the Study People usually post notices and advertisements anywhere they can reach just to find missing and announce found persons. 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Reflective Journal on Work Experience Module - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1717 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Career Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? ASSESSMENT TITLE : ANALYSIS OF VOCATIONAL AREA OF CHOICE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" INFLUENCES TRENDS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" PO1 WORK EXPERIENCE MODULE As a part of my FETAC Level 5 Major Award (QQI) in Work Experience, I was required to do an assignment divided in 6 parts covering the Business and Office Administration sector by analysing the vocational area for the various influences and trends. PREFACE The purpose of this study is to get an overall view of the Office and Business Administration sector in Ireland. I have tried to get as much information possible in this sector, which continues to change and improve. Through this study I have tried to examine the sector and highlight the importance in broader terms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reflective Journal on Work Experience Module" essay for you Create order I have briefly touched the public and private sectors in Ireland and studied the career opportunities available in business and office administration. I have also tried to study the job responsibilities and the skills and qualifications one needs to have to earn a respectable salary. Business and Office skills are required by every organisation. Schools, colleges, hospitals, government offices, private businesses, medical and legal firms are few to name. These skills help run the organisation efficiently and smoothly on day-to-day basis. When choosing a career in any field, it is important to consider the specifics. What types of jobs are available, what are the qualifications needed for that particular position, what is the salary being offered, what responsibilities does the position expect to carry out. QUESTION 1 Outline the range of career opportunities within your chosen workplace sector indicating the qualifications required at each level. INTRODUCTION As a part of my assignment I was required to research and study the different career opportunities and monetary growth available to a person with the right qualifications and skills in the Business and Office Administration sector. Public sector are organizations owned and operated by the government fall under this sector. For example county offices, health care centres, Garda and prison services, local and central government departments, fire service, defence, postal services, educational institutes, bus / dart / luas and many more. For a person to make a career in the public sectors administrative department Clerical Officer (CO) is the first step of the ladder. The next level is the Executive Officer (EO). Higher Executive Officer (HEO). Administrative Officers (AO) are the next in line. Assistant Principal (AP) Principal Secretary General Third Secretary or Junior Diplomat. Private sector are those organizations that are privately owned and not owned or run by the government belong to the private sector. These usually include profit and non-profit corporations, partnerships, traders and charities. For example, retail stores, credit unions, and local businesses in the following sectors agricultural, construction manufacturing, professional services finance, medicine and law, transport, travel and hospitality, communications, other utilities such as gas, phone and mobile services, electricity. There are a number of positions one can apply to in the private sector. To name a few are Receptionist Help Desk / Call Centre / Support Staff or Customer Service Representative Accounts or Payroll Assistant Administrative Assistant Secretary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" General Secretary, Medical Secretary, Legal Secretary Marketing Assistant Human Resource Assistant Personal Assistant Office Manager Administrator Supervisor Executive Assistant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2798103 https ://www.careersportal.ie/sectors/sector_experts.php?client_id=17parent=12ed_sub_cat_id=34#.VRFaCEZbF5U à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“https://about.brighton.ac.uk/careersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There are different levels that one can apply for Entry Level, Middle Level and Higher Level. Each level requires certain experience, skills and qualifications. The nature of work varies depending on the type and size of business and whether one works in the public sector or private sector. Salaries vary as per the job level. Certain criteria are taken into consideration when deciding the salary structure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" skills and years of experience, educational qualification. https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-office-administration-jobs.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2339835 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35243786 Some Job Profiles Secretary as an essential member of any organisation handles all administrative and clerical duties and assists with the daily tasks , conducts research for long term projects, manages information and supervises other administrative employees. Only a high school diploma or its equivalent is needed to qualify for the job; on-the-job training is common. Positions also exist at the executive level and in the legal and medical fields, which could then require specialized education and/or knowledge. Proficiency in English and computers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" word processing, excel, typing, filing is what makes a good secretary. Good communication and organisation skills are the main criteria. Starting salaries can range from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬12,000 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬16,000 per year. Depending on the experience the salary can go up to 35K. Receptionist being the first person that customers come in contact with, presents a first good impression about the company by greeting, welcoming, and directing the clients, suppliers and visitors appropriately; managing the front of an office and keeping desk tidy; handling phone c alls, emails and mail. To work as a receptionist academic qualifications are not compulsory but GCSE in Maths and English is preferred. A professional approach and strong communication and customer service skills are needed. Starting from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬12,000-15,000 per year and can increase up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬24,000 depending on the industry. The average pay for a Receptionist is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬22,461 per year. https://coverlettersandresume.com/resume/duties/receptionist-skills-qualifications-strengths-and-duties-for-resume/ https://www.jobawareness.com/receptionist-duties-qualifications.asp Clerical Officer handles general clerical duties e.g. answering/making telephone calls, dealing with correspondence, filing, photocopying, reception desk, maintaining data using computer or manual systems, and other general office duties. Grade D (or a Pass), in Higher or Ordinary Level, in five subjects from the approved list of subjects in the Department of Education Establi shed Leaving Certificate Examination or Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme or at least two years previous service in an office of Grade III, Grade II, Grade II typist or Grade I is all that is needed. Proficient in word processing skills Word, Excel and PowerPoint, particularly in the area of speed, accuracy and presentation; verbal/written communication/interpersonal skills as well as excellent organisation skills; excellent knowledge of the Irish Legislation are asked for the position. Salary is set in the civil service with he current scale starting at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬20,859 and going to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬33,078 (after 3 years on maximum), à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬37341 (after 6 years on maximum). https://www.impact.ie/your-sector/public-sector/civil-service/civil-service-salary-scales/merged-salary-scales-for-new-entrants/ https://gradireland.com/careers-advice/job-descriptions/clerical-assistant Human Resources Assistant is primarily responsible for maintaining employee records and documentation concerning grievances, terminations, absences and performance reports. Handle recruiting, hiring or training new employees, posting job openings, gathering information from applicants, verifying prior employment, contacting references and letting applicants know whether they got the job. As well as answering questions from employees or the public concerning the company is carried out.. With just a high school education a person can start a career in this field. Strong computer and interpersonal skills are also necessary. On-the-job training is given. Graduate entrants can start at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬25,000 and rise to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬40,000 per year with experience. The more the experience, the better the pay. Senior personnel officers, especially in large organisations, earn considerably in excess of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬100,000. Salary levels for HR officers vary considerably across sector. Salaries in large private companies tend to be higher than those for workers in local authorities. https://gradireland.com/careers-advice/job-descriptions/human-resources-manager https://www.payscale.com/research/IE/Job=Human_Resources_(HR)_Manager/Salary Marketing Assistant helps the Marketing Manager oversee the advertising, sales promotions, PR for the business. Day-to-day administrative tasks, welcoming customers and preparing reports for the company along with market researching are handled. With emphasis on computer knowledge and the ability to multi-task any graduate can become a marketing assistant but marketing and business experien ce is an advantage. Good communication and organisational skills, good team player, are considered an asset. The salary range for a marketing assistant is from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬19,000 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬35,000 per year. Accounts Assistant gives administrative support to accountants, undertaking clerical tasks such as typing, filing, making phone calls, handling mail and basic bookkeeping.ensuring all accounts including expenses and general ledges systems are under control and in perfect order. Customer service and communication skills, and excellent attention to detail are very essential. Knowledge of low-level accountancy and basic skills in book-keeping are preferable, prior to beginning the job. Experience of office-based computer systems and software is usually necessary. One must be qualified having accounting experience, if possible. A qualification relevant to accountancy would be ideal, though in-house training is often available to those working as accounts assistants . Degrees (bachelors or masters) in accounting, finance, statistics, economics or maths would be desirable. The average pay usually is around à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬25,000 per year. CONCLUSION It is important to understand the difference between the private and public sector as privacy rights differ as per the legislation the organisation is governed under. Getting into Clerical and Administrative work requires strong written and spoken communication skills, together with computer skills, organisational and time management skills, and the ability to complete tasks to a high standard. A large number of courses relevant to careers in Clerical and Administration are run in PLC and IT colleges throughout the country. Students through these courses gain experience in all aspects of the technology relevant to the smooth running of modern office environments. Courses are usually one year in duration and are full-time with work experience a mandatory part of their study. These cour ses aim to equip their students with the necessary practical and computing skills and the knowledge necessary for the dynamic world of business. Courses would typically include subject areas such as IT skills (Word Processing, Spreadsheets, Database), Business Law, Book-keeping, Communications and Business Calculations. Advanced administration courses are also available for specific sector areas. Because of the increasingly fast pace of business life today, all clerical staff must learn how to function efficiently under pressure, and in a multiplicity of ways, in a fast changing environment. The public who interact with the organisation can be very demanding. Front office staff must be able to deal with the public in a calm, but efficient, friendly manner. For this kind of career, you need to have good written and spoken English. It is becoming increasingly important to be reasonably proficient in at least one other European language. Qualities such as good organisational skil ls, keyboard and computer skills, competence in managing office requirements, good communication skills, a pleasant manner and a neat and tidy appearance are also important.

The Ohio Legislative Black Caucus Is Writing To You To

The Ohio Legislative Black Caucus is writing to you to discuss our concerns regarding the content of Ohio’s Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) Plan and the proposed submission date of the plan on April 3, 2017. The purpose of ESSA is to fully prepare all students for success in college and careers, which consists of rigorous and comprehensive state developed plans designed to close achievement gaps, increase equity, improve the quality of instruction, and increase outcomes for all students. Ohio is currently creating an ESSA State Plan for how our local, state and federal programs are aligned to help all our students be successful. The state has invited the public to review and provide comment on the draft state plan and technical†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The class of 2027 are present day 2nd graders. Schools have the indicators which identify the students who are not on the path to graduate high school, this is the moment where intensive intervention should be provided to assist our children to have a successful academic experience. †¢ Every child should have multiple routes to receive a high school diploma. Students that have not successfully passed the standardized test but have completed four years of course work with passing grades, should qualify to uniquely demonstrate proficiency to receive a diploma and participate in the graduation ceremony. Schools and Districts Identified for Support †¢ The state needs to provide all technical equipment, support and troubleshooting for all mandatory state testing. †¢ Teaching is moving from an individual to a collective activity. The level of agreement and alignment across classrooms around powerful practices are increasing. The school is aligning its organizational resources around support for instructional improvement. AnShow MoreRelatedNsl Final Exam Study Guide7447 Words   |  30 PagesCourt to declare legislation, laws, bills, acts, and executive orders unconstitutional. b. Explain how judicial review empowers the Supreme Court within the system of checks and balances. Judicial review gives the Supreme Court power over the legislative and executive branch because the Court can declare something that either branch wants to do unconstitutional. c. Describe the process through which the Court grants a writ of certiorari. The court will order a lower court to send up a certainRead MoreAmerican Civil Rights Movement Essay15820 Words   |  64 Pages1. American Civil Rights Movement THE BLACKS 1865 and 1870 - Three Constitutional amendments: The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment gave blacks the rights of citizenship, and The Fifteenth Amendment gave them the right to vote. Until the modern civil rights movement (1950s) blacks were denied access to public places such as restaurants, hotels, theaters, and schools. There were separate facilities marked colored only, which was sanctioned by the courts. 1896Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION - PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

Enlightenment Essay Example For Students

Enlightenment Essay During the eighteenth century, Europeans experienced the dawning of an age ofknowledge, reasoning, and of great scientific achievements. Their views towardnew discoveries and advancements were optimistic. People began to turn toscience for a better understanding of their world and their society. Literatureand essays were commonly used to express their hopes for further developments insociety, politics, economy, and education. I. Individuals A. John Locke 1) EssayConcerning Human Understanding (1690) a) Regarded the human mind of a person asa blank slate. b) Did not believe in intuition or theories of innate conceptions2) Two Treatise of Government. a) Attacked the theory of divine right of Kings. b) Argued that sovereignty did not reside in the state but with the people. 3)Some thoughts concerning education. a) Recommended practical learning to preparepeople b) Lockes curriculum included conversational learning of foreignlanguages, especially French, mathematics, history, physical education, andgames. B. Rene Descartes 1) Descartess philosophy, sometimes calledCartesianism. a) Elaborate explanations of a number of physical phenomena. 2)Physiology a) Part of human blood was a subtle fluid, that he called animalspirits. 3) Study of Optics a) Fundamental law of reflection: that the angle ofincidence is equal to the angle of reflection. b) Paved the way for theudulatory theory of light. 4) Mathematics a) Systematization of analyticgeometry. b) First mathematician to attempt to classify curves according to thetypes of equations that produce them. c) Made contributions to the theory ofequations. d) First to use the last letters of the alphabet to designate unknownquantities and the first letters to designate known ones. e) Invented the methodof indices (as in x2) to express the powers of numbers. f) Formulated the rulefor finding the number of positive and negative roots for any algebraicequation. C. Sir Isaac Newton 5) Mathematics a) Calculus: Generalized methodsbeing used to draw tangents to curves and to calculate the area swept by curves6) Optics a) Opticks: Sunlight is a heterogeneous blend of different rays?eachof which represents a different color -and that reflections and refractionscause colors to appear by separating the blend into its components. b)Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 7) Also showed interest in alchemy,mysticism, and theology D. Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) 1) La Henriade (TheHenriad) 2) Two essays, one on epic poetry and the other on the history of civilwars in France. 3) Lettres Philosophiques (The Philosophical Letters, 1734) 1. Acovert attack upon the political and ecclesiastical institutions of France. 4)?lements d e la philosophie de Newton (Elements of the Philosophy of Newton) 5)Po?me de Fontenoy (1745), describing a battle won by the French over theEnglish during the War of the Austrian Succession. 6) Si?cle de Louis XIV, ahistorical study of the period of Louis XIV. 7) Essai sur lhistoire g?n?raleet sur les moeurs et lesprit des nations (Essay on General History and on theCustoms and the Character of Nations, 1756) a. Decries supernaturalism anddenounces religion and the power of the clergy, although he makes evident hisown belief in the existence of God. 8) Le d?sastre de Lisbonne (The LisbonDisaster, 1756); a number of satirical and philosophical novels 9) He rejectedeverything irrational and incomprehensible and called upon his contemporaries toact against intolerance, tyranny, and superstition. E. Denis Diderot 1) Pens?esphilosophiques (1746), which stated his deist philosophy. 2) Encyclop?die oudictionnaire raisonn? des sciences, des arts et des metiers, which is usuallyknown as the Encyclop?die a) French translation of the English Cyclopaedia byEphraim Chambers b) Used the Encyclop?die as a powerful propaganda weaponagainst Ecclesiastical authority and the superstition, conservatism, andsemifeudal social forms of the time. 3) La religieuse (The Nun, 1796), an attackon convent life. 4) Le neveu de Rameau (1805; translated as Rameaus Nephew) F. .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 , .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 .postImageUrl , .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 , .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2:hover , .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2:visited , .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2:active { border:0!important; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2:active , .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2 .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uebba17a1b94433e29de10acfb5ea71e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twan EssayJean Jacques Rousseau 1) French philosopher, social and political theorist,musician, botanist, and one of the most eloquent writers of the Age ofEnlightenment.) 2) Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Mankind 3)Expounded the view that science, art, and social institutions have corruptedhumankind and that the natural, or primitive, state is morally superior to thecivilized state 4) The Social Contract 5) Developed a case for civil liberty andhelped prepare the ideological background of the French Revolution by defendingthe popular will against divine right. 6) ?mile a) expounded a new theory ofeducation emphasizing the importance of expression rather than r epression toproduce a well-balanced, freethinking child. 7) The New Heloise and Confessionsintroduced a new style of extreme emotional expression, concern with intensepersonal experience, and exploration of the conflicts between moral and sensualvalues. The Age of Enlightenment proposed ideas of reformation, and greaterhuman advancement. Europeans ideas of education, society, and politics wereoptimistic. Their works of art, literature, and science, helped pave the way forfuture advancements. BibliographyAge of Enlightenment, Microsoft? Encarta? Encyclopedia 99 ReneDescartes Microsoft? Encarta? Encyclopedia 99 John Locke Microsoft?Encarta? Encyclopedia 99 Sir Isaac Newton Microsoft? Encarta? Encyclopedia99 Buckler, John, Bennett D. Hill and John P. McKay. A History of WesternSociety, A. 6th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999. Age ofEnlightenment http://www.EuroHist.org